This section focuses on the key features and methods for working with linear graphs. It demonstrates how to sketch graphs from rules, derive rules from graphs, and calculate key features such as the ...

Our teacher already knows there is a positive relationship between how much time was spent on an essay and the grade the essay gets, but we’re going to need some data to demonstrate this properly.

Abstract: The discovery of causal relationships from the observational data is an important task. To identify the unique causal structure belonging to a Markov equivalence class, a number of ...

Causal inference is known to be very challenging when only observational data are available. Randomized experiments are often costly and impractical and in instrumental variable regression the number ...

Simultaneous linear equations are used to model situations where two relationships must be satisfied at the same time. These problems often involve two interdependent variables, such as comparing ...

A general implementation of Structural Equation Models with latent variables (MLE, 2SLS, and composite likelihood estimators) with both continuous, censored, and ordinal outcomes (Holst and ...

1 Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom 2 School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom Trophic ...

A methodological choice has created divergent paths of polling results. Is this election more like 2020 or 2022? By Nate Cohn Over the last month, one methodological decision seems to have produced ...

An illustration of a magnifying glass. An illustration of a magnifying glass.

A seasonal index is a way of measuring the seasonal variation -- that is, to measure the change that is due to seasonal changes in demand -- of a variable, typically sales. For example, a beachfront ...