Real-world optimization problems often require an external “modeling engine” that computes fitnesses or data that are then input to an objective function. These programs often have much longer ...

Discover how to determine the ideal percentage of a population for a representative sample to ensure accurate data analysis with minimal sampling error.

Abstract: The electronically steered phased array (ESPA), which is composed of periodic antenna elements, usually uses subarrays with large spacing to lower system complexity and cost. This kind of ...

Abstract: Vortex electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum have been widely studied in many fields because of their unique helical phase structure. The vortex electromagnetic waves can ...