Discover how the equation of exchange links money supply, velocity of money, and price levels, influencing inflation and economic activity. Learn key formulas and impacts.

This monthly journal, begun in 1950, is devoted entirely to research in pure and applied mathematics, principally to the publication of original papers of moderate length. A section called Shorter ...

Ramanujan’s insights into pi are now guiding scientists toward a deeper understanding of how the universe works.

Explore zero-one integer programming, a key method in logical problem-solving, using binary choices for optimal decisions in finance, production, and more.