THE pulmonary circulation is of paramount importance in failure of the heart. The presence of dyspnea, orthopnea and hemoptysis and a diminution in vital capacity imply a profound change in the blood ...

The Circulatory System is the system of organs in the human beings and other animals which is responsible for transport of materials inside the body. It consists of heart, arteries, veins, capillaries ...

The metabolic activity of any tissue is limited by its blood supply; the more active any organ, the more blood it needs and the more extensive its vascularization. The changes in metabolic activity ...

Advanced imaging, like 4D-flow CMR, aids in understanding PA remodeling in different PH subtypes, offering non-invasive differentiation. PAH patients exhibit distinct PA flow characteristics, ...

Most patients with familial primary pulmonary hypertension have defects in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPR2), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily ...