We submerge somewhat deeper into analysis of the seemingly simple TL431 voltage reference with transconductance amplifier to find that some useful design parameters are missing from the manufacturer ...

Fig 1. This voltage regulator circuit (a) uses green LEDs as both the stabilization elements and as the voltage indicators at the front-panel switch (b). Fig 2. The addition of resistor R4 to the ...

We return for a second wind and to the surface for air as we catch our breath in Part 4 by considering two categories of application circuits for the TL431. The loop gain is significantly reduced by ...