Different atoms and ions possess characteristic energy levels. Like a fingerprint, they are unique for each species. Among ...

Findings in nuclear physics theory have received several Nobel Prizes (1975-nucleus vibrations and rotations, 1963-nuclear shell model, 1949-meson exchange model of nuclear forces). Despite these ...

The chemistry of organic matter and life depends on carbon atoms. Its most prevalent isotope, carbon-12, has incredibly intricate mechanics. The energy and underlying structures of the nuclear states ...