A research team from Hokkaido University has confirmed a century-old theory by discovering a stable single-electron covalent bond, known as a sigma bond, between two carbon atoms. This unique bond ...

Each atom then has a complete outer shell of electrons. The slideshow shows how a covalent bond forms between a hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom, making hydrogen chloride. A simple molecule contains ...

Single-molecule (SM) experiments are continuously becoming more important for the study of biological systems. In contrast to classical ensemble measurements, which average over the whole population ...