As engineers, you use many components and devicesevery day that you treat as black boxes. You are concernedonly about the inputs and outputs of the blackbox, and that approach is acceptable provided ...

Because of the widespread use of pulse-width modulation (PWM), the efficiency of a synchronous buck converter operating in this mode is well understood. However, relatively few designers understand ...

In the past few years, the pitch on digital control of switching regulators has been rising steadily. In a typical analog implementation, a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) switching regulator is built ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

First I’ll tell what you already know. Back in the day, AM broadcasting was king and FM was commercial-free. Things changed in the 1970s as FM grew in popularity. Here we are 40+ years later with many ...