While most animals reproduce sexually, some species rely solely on females for parthenogenetic reproduction. Even in these species, rare males occasionally appear. Whether these males retain ...

SMBE Journals (Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution) Further analysis of PifA and PifB revealed that they exhibit many of the characteristics of eukaryotic host-associated ...

Insect immune priming refers to the phenomenon whereby an initial exposure to a pathogen enhances the innate immune response upon subsequent encounters. Unlike the adaptive immunity of vertebrates, ...

Osaka, Japan – As the days grow shorter, many animals prepare for the approaching winter by suspending reproduction. Insects, for example, accumulate energy stores while halting ovarian development ...