The Forward-Forward algorithm (FF) is comparable in speed to backpropagation but has the advantage that it can be used when the precise details of the forward computation are unknown.

Backpropagation is not limited to function derivatives. Any algorithm that effectively takes the loss function and applies gradual, positive changes back through the network is valid.

Discover a smarter way to grow with Learn with Jay, your trusted source for mastering valuable skills and unlocking your full potential. Whether you're aiming to advance your career, build better ...