Data structures and algorithms are vital elements in many computing applications. When programmers design and build applications, they need to model the application data. What this data consists of ...

Computers keep getting smaller and faster. That’s been happening for decades. But almost all of them are programmed to do what humans want them to do, the way humans want them to do it, and nothing ...

Many aspects of modern applied research rely on a crucial algorithm called gradient descent. This is a procedure generally used for finding the largest or smallest values of a particular mathematical ...

Quantum computers promise enormous computational power, but the nature of quantum states makes computation and data ...

A total aside from crypto, in order to impede spammers, a variation of PoW has been proposed for email. For example, if email programs had to solve a puzzle that took just 15 seconds before sending ...

Artificial intelligence is already a part of everyday life. It helps us answer questions like “Is this email spam?” It identifies friends in online photographs, selects news stories based on our ...

Jie Wang does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...